Detecting and compensating for erroneous time measurement for mobile device position calculation

ABSTRACT

A method implemented by an assisted Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) server determines a position of a GNSS receiver. The method includes sending a request for measurement information to the GNSS receiver at a first time and receiving the measurement information from the GNSS receiver in response to the request at a second time, where the measurement information includes position measurement data and a corresponding measured time based on satellite signals received by the GNSS receiver. The measured time is determined to be erroneous when it is outside an accurate time range determined based on at least one of the first time and the second time. A substitute time is identified and the position of the GNSS receiver is determined based on the substitute time when the measured time is erroneous.

PRIORITY STATEMENT

This application claims priority from provisional patent application No.61/294,344, filed Jan. 12, 2010, in the United States Patent andTrademark Office, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY

Wireless communication networks include base stations for exchangingcommunications with mobile devices operating within corresponding cells.The base stations are connected to a controller, such as a base stationcontroller (BSC) in a Global System for Mobile communication (GSM)network or a radio network controller (RNC) in a Universal MobileTelecommunication System (UMTS) network, which in turn are connected toa Mobile Switching Center (MSC) within a core network.

Many conventional wireless communication services implemented by thewireless communication networks include the feature of determininggeographic locations mobile devices. For example, an emergency serviceresponsive to “911” initiated at a mobile device may include estimatinglatitude and longitude of the mobile device in order to locate themobile device. Likewise, a value-added service may identify the nearestretail outlet of a particular store based on the current estimatedposition of the mobile device. The geographic location of a mobiledevice may be determined by a mobile location center (MLC) server ornode in the wireless communication network, such as a serving mobilelocation center (SMLC) in a GSM network or a stand-alone SMLC (SAS) in aUMTS network, for example.

The MLC may determine the geographic location of a mobile device usingpositioning measurements from a global navigation satellite system(GNSS), which are provided by a GNSS receiver in the mobile device.Accurate time is needed for accurate position determination using GNSSpositioning measurements. The position calculation models are only validfor a short period of time, and thus a large error in time results inlarge errors in calculations. When the GNSS receiver is unable toreceive the satellite signals and/or to demodulate the timinginformation, assisted GNSS (A-GNSS) may be utilized to provide referencetime data, as well as acquisition assistance, to the mobile device.

In a server-based A-GNSS configuration, for example, the MLC implementsa position calculation function using variations on an iterativeweighted least squares algorithm, which may operate in two modes. Thefirst mode may be implemented when the time at which the GNSS receiverperforms satellite signal measurements is known to a high degree ofaccuracy, in which case the calculations can be limited to thegeographic position of the mobile device. In three dimensions, thismeans that four measurements (e.g., from four satellites in the GNSSconstellation) are required to solve for the x, y and z coordinates ofthe mobile device, as well as the sub-millisecond handset clock drift orreceiver clock error μ. The first mode produces a high yield, providingthat accurate time is provided by the mobile device, and is able tocompensate for small errors in measured time, such as errors that resultfrom receiver clock drift. Larger errors in time cannot be corrected soeasily, and thus directly increase position errors and reduce yield.

The second mode is implemented when the time is unavailable or notaccurate, in which case the calculations include an additionalmeasurement (e.g., from a fifth satellite in the GNSS constellation),which is required to determine or recover the gross time error. Thefifth measurement is required to include measurement time T as a fifthvariable, in addition to the x, y, z coordinates and receiver clockerror μ. Thus, in a server-based A-GNSS system, the MLC is able recoverthe measurement time.

Because of the distributed nature of A-GNSS systems, timing errors inone portion of the system do not affect the operation of the GNSSreceiver. In server-based A-GNSS, for example, the mobile device doesnot use the measurement time, and is therefore capable of functioningwithout accurate time provided that the server provides correctassistance data. However, for the MLC to calculate the position of themobile device, the measurement time must be accurate. Otherwise, errorsin measurement time result in inaccurate position determination of themobile device, even where other measurement data is good. Also, evenwhen the MLC is capable of recovering an accurate measurement time froman inaccurate input, an approximate time accurate within a certainwindow is necessary to initiate the process. A measured time may beprovided from the mobile device, but the measured time may be erroneous(i.e., outside the window of usable initial times), in which case theMLC is still unable to recover an accurate measurement time. Further,when the MLC is not aware that the measured time received form themobile device is erroneous, it will not take steps to substitute analternate initial time.

In a representative embodiment, a method implemented by an A-GNSS serveris provided for determining a position of a GNSS receiver. The methodincludes sending a request for measurement information to the GNSSreceiver at a first time, and receiving the measurement information fromthe GNSS receiver in response to the request at a second time, themeasurement information including position measurement data and acorresponding measured time based on multiple satellite signals receivedby the GNSS receiver. The method further includes determining that themeasured time is erroneous when the measured time is outside an accuratetime range determined based on at least one of the first time and thesecond time, and identifying a substitute time and determining theposition of the GNSS receiver based on the substitute time when themeasured time is determined to be erroneous.

In another representative embodiment, a computer readable medium,storing code executable by a computer processor, is provided fordetermining a position of a GNSS receiver. The computer readable mediumincludes communication, time error determining and time recovery codesegments, for example. The communication code segment sends a requestfor measurement information to the GNSS receiver at a first time andreceives the measurement information from the GNSS receiver at a secondtime, the measurement information including position measurement dataand a corresponding measured time based on multiple satellite signalsreceived by the GNSS receiver. The time error determining code segmentdetermines whether the measured time is erroneous, where the time errordetermining code segment determines that the measured time is erroneouswhen the measured time of the received measurement information isoutside an accurate time range determined based on at least one of thefirst time and the second time. The time recovery code segmentdetermines a recovered time using the measured time when the time errordetermining code segment determines that the measured time is noterroneous and using a substitute time when the time error determiningcode segment determines that the measured time is erroneous.

In yet another representative embodiment, a device includes acommunication interface and a processor. The communication interface isconfigured to enable sending a request for measurement information to aGNSS receiver at a first time and to enable receiving the measurementinformation from the GNSS receiver at a second time, the measurementinformation including position measurement data and a correspondingmeasured time based on multiple satellite signals received by the GNSSreceiver. The processor is configured to control operations of thecommunication interface and to execute an algorithm. The algorithmincludes determining whether the measured time received through thecommunication interface is erroneous, where the measured time iserroneous when the measured time of the received measurement informationis earlier than a lower limit of an accurate time range or later than anupper limit of the accurate time range; determining a recovered timeusing the measured time when the measured time is not erroneous andusing a substitute time when the measured time is erroneous; andcalculating a geographic location of the GNSS receiver using therecovered time.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The illustrative embodiments are best understood from the followingdetailed description when read with the accompanying drawing figures. Itis emphasized that the various features are not necessarily drawn toscale. In fact, the dimensions may be arbitrarily increased or decreasedfor clarity of discussion. Wherever applicable and practical, likereference numerals refer to like elements.

FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram illustrating a system fordetermining the position of a mobile device in a wireless communicationnetwork using recovered time, according to a representative embodiment.

FIG. 2 is a flowchart illustrating a method for calculating the positionof a mobile device using recovered time, according to a representativeembodiment.

FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating a process for determining accuracy ofmeasured time, included in the method illustrated in FIG. 2, accordingto a representative embodiment.

FIGS. 4A and 4B are timing diagrams showing examples of accurate timeranges, according to representative embodiments.

FIG. 5 is a functional block diagram illustrating a processing devicefor determining the position of a mobile device using recovered time,according to a representative embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following detailed description, for purposes of explanation andnot limitation, illustrative embodiments disclosing specific details areset forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of embodimentsaccording to the present teachings. However, it will be apparent to onehaving had the benefit of the present disclosure that other embodimentsaccording to the present teachings that depart from the specific detailsdisclosed herein remain within the scope of the appended claims.Moreover, descriptions of well-known devices and methods may be omittedso as not to obscure the description of the example embodiments. Suchmethods and devices are within the scope of the present teachings.

In various embodiments, occurrences of bad or erroneous timemeasurements provided by a mobile device are detected. When the timemeasurements are erroneous or faulty, a location determination serversubstitutes another time for the erroneous measured time, and bases timerecovery operations and position calculation on the substitute time.This results in increased position yield from A-GNSS where mobiledevices do not provide accurate time measurements.

FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram illustrating a system for locatinga mobile device in a wireless communication network using recoveredtime, according to a representative embodiment.

Referring to FIG. 1, wireless communications network 100 includes SMLC110 and base station controller (BSC) 120, which includes representativebase stations 124 and 125 corresponding to cells. The SMLC 110communicates with the BSC 120 and determines geographic locations ofmobile devices, such as representative mobile device 101. The mobiledevice 101 may be any type of wireless device configured forcommunicating through the BSC 120, including cellular telephones, laptopcomputers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), gaming devices, or thelike.

The mobile device 101 includes a GNSS receiver configured to communicatewith a GNSS constellation 150, which includes multiple positioningsatellites, indicated by representative GNSS satellites 151-155. Fivesatellites are illustrated for purposes of explanation, because this isthe minimum number of satellites from which positioning/timemeasurements are required for the SMLC 110 to determine accurately theposition of the mobile device 101 when the precise time is not known.The GNSS constellation 150 may include any type of satellite positioningsystem configured to provide geographic locations of GNSS receivers(e.g., of mobile devices) using a constellation of satellites, such asGlobal Positioning System (GPS), Global Navigation Satellite System(GLONASS), Galileo and COMPASS Navigation Satellite System (BeiDou), forexample.

The SMLC 110 may be configured to implement any of various types oflocation determination services without departing from the scope of thepresent teachings. For example, the location determination service mayuse only a satellite positioning system, such as GNSS constellation 150.Alternatively, the location determination service may further include aterrestrial positioning system, together with the satellite positioningsystem, to determine the location of mobile device 101 based on acombination of satellite measurements and terrestrial measurements.Terrestrial positioning systems may be based on any type of rangemeasurements, such as uplink-time difference of arrival (U-TDOA) ortiming advance (TA) measurements (e.g., in a GSM network), round-triptime (RTT) measurements (e.g., in a UMTS network), enhanced observedtime difference (E-OTD) measurements, angle of arrival (AoA)measurements, power of arrival (POA) measurements, WiFi measurements,DTV signals and the like.

In the depicted embodiment, the SMLC 110 includes a positioningdetermination capability using assisted GNSS (A-GNSS) techniques. A-GNSShelps a device equipped with a GNSS receiver, such as the mobile device101, by providing assistance data that reduces the time it takes for theGNSS receiver to lock on to signals from the GNSS satellites 151-155.Generally, the mobile device 101 may scan a wide frequency range lookingfor signals transmitted from the GNSS satellites 151-155 in orbit. Thesatellite signals are generally weak, and are transmitted at differentfrequencies and code phases, so it may take a relatively long time forthe mobile device 101 to lock on to a specific satellite signal. Inaddition, in order to calculate its location, the mobile device 101 mustlock on to signals from multiple satellites, simultaneously. Therefore,without A-GNSS, the mobile device 101 would take up to several minutesto lock onto the signals required for location determination.

For example, when GNSS assistance data is required, the SMLC 110 mayfirst identify the cell in which the mobile device 101 is located, e.g.,using a number or other identifier of the cell included in signalsreceived from the mobile device 101. The SMLC 110 may then access adatabase (not shown) to determine the latitude, longitude, orientation,opening and/or range of the cell, which may be used as an initiallocation for calculating the GPS assistance data for the mobile device101. For example, the SMLC 110 may calculate the GNSS assistance datausing the latitude and longitude of the serving base station 124 and itscoverage area as the approximate initial location of the mobile device101. The GNSS assistance data may improve the time-to-first-fix (TTFF)and yield. For example, orbital modeling information of the GNSSassistance data provided by the SMLC 110 enables the mobile device 101to avoid demodulating navigation messages broadcast from the GNSSsatellites 151-155, thus improving TTFF. Also, the search space forlocating each of the GNSS satellites 151-155 is narrowed, so that themobile device 101 can detect weaker GPS signals, thus improving yield.

The BSC 120 is selectively connected to Gateway Mobile Location Center(GMLC) 142 in a corresponding core network 140 through switch 141. Forexample, the switch 141 may be a Mobile Switching Center (MSC) in acircuit switching network, or a serving GPRS support node (SGSN) in apacket switching network. The GMLC 142 is a platform for interfacing theclient 145 with the BSC 120, e.g., to initiate location determinationservices with respect to the mobile device 101 and other mobile devices.The GMLC 142 may be connected to a home location register (HLR) (notshown) or other database that includes subscriber and routinginformation with respect to the mobile device 101.

As stated above, FIG. 1 depicts a device-assisted A-GNSS, in which themobile device 101 measures satellite signals (often referred to ascode-phases which can be converted to pseudo-ranges) from the GNSSsatellites 151-155, and provides them to the SMLC 110 (e.g., via basestation 124 and BSC 120). The SMLC 110 computes the location of thedevice, and may then return the computed location to the mobile device101 or other client, such as client 145, requesting the position of themobile device 101. The client 145 represents a service, application orsubscriber, for example, wishing to use the network to carry out aposition determination request for the mobile device 101.

Although the embodiment of FIG. 1 depicts a GSM network, includingrepresentative SMLC 110, BSC 120 and base stations 124 and 125, forexample, it is understood that other types of networks and locationdetermination servers may be incorporated without departing from thescope of the present teachings. For example, in a UMTS network, thefunctionality of the SMLC 110, discussed below, may be performed bystand-alone SMLC (SAS) and the BSC 120 may be a radio network controller(RNC) in a radio access network, in which case the base stations 124 and125 would be Node Bs.

FIG. 2 is a flowchart illustrating a method for determining the positionof a mobile device using recovered time, according to a representativeembodiment. The process of FIG. 2 may be executed, for example, by theSMLC 110 depicted in FIG. 1, although the process may be executed by anyother A-GNSS server or node having access to the BSC 120, or by the BSC120 itself, without departing from the scope of the present teachings.

In block S210, an A-GNSS server (e.g., the SMLC 110) receives a locationrequest with respect to a GNSS receiver (e.g., the mobile device 101).The location request may be initiated by any of a variety of sources,without departing from the scope of the present teachings. For example,referring to FIG. 1, the SMLC 110 may receive a message from the mobiledevice 101 through the base station 124 and the BSC 120 requestingdetermination of the geographic location of the mobile device 101. Themessage may be initially transmitted over voice/data communicationchannels and/or signaling channels, for example. Alternatively, the SMLC110 may receive a location request from the client 145 through GMLC 142,the switch 141 and the BSC 120, requesting determination of thegeographic location of the mobile device 101.

Regardless of the initiating source, the A-GNSS server sends a requestfor positioning measurement information to the GNSS receiver in blockS220 at a first time T_(i). The request may include assistance data forhelping the GNSS receiver more quickly locate the GNSS satellites (e.g.,the GNSS satellites 151-155), as discussed above.

The GNSS receiver processes the request by performing a positionmeasurement routine, which includes locking on to and receiving signalsfrom at least five GNSS satellites. The received signals may includenavigation messages, for example, providing ephemeris data and timingsignals, enabling the GNSS receiver to generate the measurementinformation. For example, the measurement information includes positionmeasurement data and corresponding measured time T_(M), indicating thetime at which the GNSS measurement was made. The A-GNSS server receivesthe measurement information from the GNSS receiver in block S230 at asecond time T₂. In an alternative embodiment, the second time T2 may bethe time at which the GNSS receiver sends the measurement information.

Block S240 indicates a process by which the A-GNSS server determines theaccuracy of the measured time T_(M) included in the measurementinformation. Generally, the process indicated in block S240 determinesthat the received measured time T_(M) is faulty when it is grosslyinaccurate or otherwise too far removed from the actual time at whichthe measurement was made to allow a time recovery process, whichestimates the actual measurement time for a position calculation,discussed below. Representative embodiments of the process indicated inblock S240 are discussed below with reference to the flow chart depictedin FIG. 3 and the timing diagrams depicted in FIGS. 4A and 4B.

When the measured time T_(M) is not faulty (block S250: No), a timerecovery process is performed in block S260 using the measured timeT_(M) included in the measurement information received from the GNSSreceiver. The time recovery process may include any compatible processfor recovering time to a sufficient degree of confidence to performposition calculation of the GNSS receiver, as discussed below. Notably,time recovery is not necessarily required if the measurement isacceptable, depending system configuration. For example, block S260 maybe executed when the system is configured to always perform the timerecovery process, but block S260 may be skipped or optionally executedwhen the system is not configured to always perform the time recoveryprocess.

When the measured time T_(M) included in the measurement information isfaulty (block S250: Yes), the measured time T_(M) is replaced with asubstitute time T_(S) in block S270. The time recovery process is thenperformed in block S275 using the substitute time T_(S) to obtain arecovered time T_(R).

For example, in an embodiment, the substitute time T_(S) is the secondtime T₂ at which the A-GNSS server receives the measurement informationfrom the GNSS receiver in block S230. In another embodiment, thesubstitute time T_(S) may be the second time T₂ less a small time valueto account for the estimated time that it takes the GNSS receiver tocollect measurements and/or to send the measurement information to theA-GNSS server. For example, the small time value may be the estimatedpropagation time for the measurement information to reach the A-GNSSserver from the GNSS receiver. Also, the propagation time may beestimated based on the complete round trip time to the A-GNSS server andthe GNSS receiver, which may be acquired in the normal course ofcommunications between the A-GNSS server and the GNSS receiver (e.g.,determined in part using timing advance (TA) measurements). TCPimplementations, for example, maintain an estimate of the round triptime for buffering purposes. The round trip time may be halved toacquire the estimated propagation time to be used as the small timevalue. Of course, other embodiments may incorporate other times as thesubstitute time T_(S), without departing from the scope of the presentteachings.

In an embodiment, the process for determining the recovered time T_(R)performed in block S260 (optionally) and block S275 may be the sameprocess. The time recovery process may include any compatible processfor recovering time to a sufficient degree of confidence to performposition calculation of the GNSS receiver (e.g., in block S280), such asintegrated time recovery techniques or iterative time recoverytechniques, as described for example by HARPER in “A Comparison ofIterative and Integrated Time Recovery Methods for Server Side PositionCalculation,” IGNSS Symposium (December 2007), GLENNON et al. in“Solution of Timing Errors in AGPS,” Institute of Navigation (ION) GPS2005 (September 2005), and SYRJARINNE in “Possibilities for GPS TimeRecovery with GSM Network Assistance,” ION GPS 2000 (September 2000),the respective subject matters of which are hereby incorporated byreference, although various other time recovery techniques may be usedwithout departing from the scope of the present teachings.

For example, according to an iterative time recovery technique, asdescribed by HARPER, a least squares (LS) position calculation isperformed at discrete time intervals, and the result that minimizes thesmallest sum of the squared residuals (SSR) is selected. The positioncalculation is the performed within a configured time window, determinedbased on maximum deviation from true time, where the configured timewindow is centered on the measured time T_(M) (or the substitute timeT_(S) when the measured time T_(M) is determined to be faulty). Theweighted implementation solves Equation (1), as follows:

{circumflex over (x)}=(A ^(T) WA)⁻¹ A ^(T) Wb)  (1)

In Equation (1), {circumflex over (x)} contains the estimated locationand error of the GNSS receiver, A is the geometric matrix, W is theweight matrix and b is the observation matrix. This position calculationis performed at different GNSS times within the configured time windowrelative to the measured time T_(M) (or the substitute time T_(S)).Minimizing the SSR for each measurement optimizes the result.

According to an integrated time recovery technique, as described byHARPER, an additional term is added to the LS solution of the iterativerecovery technique discussed above. In order to solve for the additionalunknown, at least five GNSS measurements are required, as opposed to thefour GNSS measurements required when time is well known. The intent isto solve for the x, y and z coordinates of the GNSS receiver inearth-centered earth-fixed (ECEF) reference frame, receiver clock error,and gross time recovery error. The gross time recovery error, inparticular, may be in the range of seconds. The A matrix from Equation(1) is modified to include the additional term in order to also solvefor the gross time recovery error. The A matrix is also modified, suchthat row i of the A matrix is provided by Equation (2), as follows:

$\begin{matrix}{A_{i} = \left( {{- \frac{\left( {x_{s} - x_{u}} \right)}{r_{s}}} - \frac{\left( {y_{s} - y_{u}} \right)}{r_{s}} - \frac{\left( {z_{s} - z_{u}} \right)}{r_{s}} - {1\overset{.}{R}}} \right)} & (2)\end{matrix}$

In Equation (2), {dot over (R)} is the range rate, (x_(u), y_(u), z_(u))are the coordinates of the GNSS receiver (e.g., mobile device 101) inECEF reference frame, (x_(s), y_(s), z_(s)) are the coordinates of thei^(th) satellite (e.g., GNSS satellite 151) in ECEF reference frame, andr_(s) is the range from the GNSS receiver to the i^(th) satellite. Inaddition, the range r_(s) and the range rate {dot over (R)} may berespectively calculated by Equations (3) and (4), below:

$\begin{matrix}{r_{s} = \sqrt{\left( {x_{s} - x_{u}} \right)^{2} + \left( {y_{s} - y_{u}} \right)^{2} + \left( {z_{s} - z_{u}} \right)^{2}}} & (3) \\{\overset{.}{R} = {{\left( {v_{s} - v_{u}} \right) \cdot \frac{s - u}{r}} + f + ɛ}} & (4)\end{matrix}$

In Equations (3), (x_(u), y_(u), z_(u)) are the coordinates of thecurrent estimate of the location of the mobile device. Also, in Equation(4), v_(s), and v_(u) are the three dimensional velocities of the i^(th)satellite (e.g., GNSS satellite 151) and the mobile device (e.g., mobiledevice 101) respectively, s and u are the ECEF coordinates of the i^(th)satellite and the mobile device, respectively, r is the range from theGNSS receiver to the i^(th) satellite (as discussed above), f is theGNSS receiver clock drift in m/s, and ε is the error. The range rate{dot over (R)} is the rate of change of the range r between the user andthe satellite. Since the time recovery error of the original measurementcan be large, the location of the GNSS satellites must be recalculatedeach time through the LS loop.

Referring again to FIG. 2, the A-GNSS server calculates the geographicposition of the GNSS receiver in block S280 using the recovered timeT_(R) provided by the time recovery process performed in either blockS260 or block S275. In the depicted embodiment, the A-GNSS serverperforms the time recovery operation to obtain the recovered time T_(R),and calculates the geographic position of the GNSS receive using therecovered time T_(R), even when it is determined in blocks S240 and S250that the measured time T_(M) provided by the GNSS receiver is generallyaccurate (i.e., it falls within an accurate time range or range ofacceptable times, discussed below). Use of the recovered time T_(R)accounts for timing error that may otherwise be introduced by theprocess, and requires measurements from five satellites (as opposed tofour satellites) in order to calculate the geographic position.

In an alternative embodiment, the A-GNSS server may skip the timerecovery operation when it is determined in blocks S240 and S250 thatthe measured time T_(M) provided by the GNSS receiver is generallyaccurate. In this case, measurements are required from only foursatellites in order to calculate the geographic position of the GNSSreceiver.

FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating a process for determining accuracy ofmeasured time T_(M), indicated by block S240 in FIG. 2, according to arepresentative embodiment. FIGS. 4A and 4B are timing diagrams showingexamples of accurate time ranges, in which the measured time T_(M) isconsidered to be not faulty, according to representative embodiments.

Generally, in order to determine the accuracy of the measured timeT_(M), the A-GNSS server determines whether the measured time T_(M) iswithin a time window or accurate time range, e.g., which is close enoughto the actual measured time to enable the time recovery process to beperformed successfully. For example, the time recovery process (e.g., inblock S260) may require the measured time T_(M) to be accurate withinabout 2-3 seconds of the actual measurement time in order to provide ausable recovered time T_(R) for use in calculating the position of theGNSS receiver (e.g., in block S280).

Referring FIG. 3, the A-GNSS server determines in block S341 whether themeasured time T_(M) occurs before the lower limit of the accurate timerange. When the measured time T_(M) occurs before the lower limit of theaccurate time range (block S341: Yes), the measured time T_(M) isdetermined to be faulty in block S344, in which case the measured timeT_(M) cannot be used to perform a time recovery operation. When themeasured time T_(M) does not occur before the lower limit of theaccurate time range (block S341: No), the process proceeds to blockS342, where it is determined whether the measured time T_(M) occursafter the upper limit of the accurate time range. When the measured timeT_(M) occurs after the upper limit of the accurate time range (blockS342: Yes), the measured time T_(M) is determined to be faulty in blockS344, in which case the measured time T_(M) cannot be used to perform atime recovery operation. When the measured time T_(M) does not occurafter the upper limit of the accurate time range (block S342: No), themeasured time T_(M) is determined to be not faulty in block S343, inwhich case the measured time T_(M) can be used to perform a timerecovery operation. In other words, the measured time T_(M) isdetermined to be within the accurate time range and thus acceptable tothe time recovery operation. Of course, alternative methods fordetermining whether the measured time T_(M) is within the accurate timerange may be incorporated without departing from the scope of thepresent teachings.

In various embodiments, the accurate time range may be defined inaccordance with various criteria. Generally, the lower and upper limitsof the accurate time range may be derived from the first time T₁, whichis the time the request for measurement information was sent to the GNSSreceiver in block S220 of FIG. 2, and/or the second time T₂, which isthe time the measurement information is received by the A-GNSS sever atblock S230 of FIG. 2. In an alternative embodiment, the second time T2may be the time at which the GNSS receiver sends the measurementinformation (as opposed to the time the A-GNSS sever receives themeasurement information).

For example, in a representative embodiment, the accurate time range issimply defined by the first time T1 as the lower limit and the secondtime T₂ as the upper limit. Thus, any measured time T_(M) fallingbetween the first and second times T₁ and T₂ would be consideredacceptable for purposes of the time recovery process. However, otheraccurate time ranges may be incorporated without departing from thescope of the present teachings. For example, FIGS. 4A and 4B depictaccurate time ranges Range A and Range B, respectively, which accountfor clock delays and/or propagation time for measurement information tobe transmitted from the GNSS receiver to the A-GNSS server.

Referring to FIG. 4A, the lower limit of the accurate time range Range Ais defined by the estimated propagation time T_(P) prior to the secondtime T₂ at which the measurement information is received by the A-GNSSsever. The upper limit of the accurate time range Range A is defined bythe second time T₂ and a predetermined clock error allowance T₂, whichis an allowance for clock errors at the A-GNSS server, for example. Themeasured time T_(M) is therefore determined to be faulty when it iseither earlier than the second time T₂ less the estimated propagationtime T_(P) or later than the second time T₂ plus the predetermined clockerror allowance T_(C2) (collectively indicated by hatched portions ofFIG. 4A).

Similarly, referring to FIG. 4B, the lower limit of the accurate timerange Range B is defined by the first time T₁ and a predetermined clockerror allowance T_(C1), which is an allowance for clock errors at theGNSS receiver, for example, and may be substantially the same as thepredetermined clock error allowance T_(C2). The upper limit of theaccurate time range Range B is defined by the second time T₂ and thepredetermined clock error allowance T_(C2). The measured time T_(M) istherefore determined to be faulty when it is either earlier than thefirst time T₁ minus the predetermined clock error allowance T_(C1) orlater than the second time T₂ plus the predetermined clock errorallowance T_(C2) (collectively indicated by hatched portions of FIG.4B).

In addition, various embodiments may include the A-GNSS server beingconfigured with a predetermined tolerance range, in which case anadditional margin may be included with respect to one or both ends ofthe accurate time range. For example, depending on clock accuracy, theadditional margin may be as little as 10 ms for very accurate clocks,and as high as large as 1 second for loosely synchronized clocks.Notably, any additional margin allowed for error tolerance must have asimilar compensation in the corresponding time recovery algorithm,discussed above. For example, if an extra 0.5 second is provided as theadditional margin of the accurate time range, the window used in asubsequent iterative time recovery process (e.g., as shown in blocksS260, S275) will be 0.5 second larger, as well.

As another example, the GNSS receiver may be configured to allow foron-board GNNS measurement caching. That is, in response to a request formeasurement information sent by the A-GNSS server in block S220, theGNSS receiver may provide recently cached measurement information orcalculate measurement information based on recently cached measurementsfrom a previously executed position measurement. The GNSS receiver isthus able to avoid the overhead required to take additional measurementsand to calculate new measurement information to send to the A-GNSSserver. Also, the turn-around time between the A-GNSS server sending therequest to the GNSS receiver in block S220 and receiving the measurementinformation from the GNSS receive in block S230 is shorter.

In order to enable use of cached measurement information (and/or cachedmeasurements), an additional margin may be subtracted from the firsttime T₁ at which the request for measurement information is sent to theGNSS receiver, reducing the lower limit and thus increasing the accuratetime range. Generally, this accounts for the time that it takes for themeasurement information to get from GNSS receiver to the A-GNSS server,plus allowance for caching. As discussed above, any additional marginmust have a similar compensation in the corresponding time recoveryalgorithm. Alternatively, the additional margin for caching may besubtracted from both the first time T₁ at which the request formeasurement information is sent to the GNSS receiver and the second timeT₂ at which the measurement information is received by the A-GNSSserver, so that the overall size of the accurate time range remains thesame, and simply shifts to earlier times.

Also, as discussed above with reference to FIG. 4A, the second time T₂at which the measurement information is received by the A-GNSS sever atblock S230 of FIG. 2 may be used as the only basis for the accurate timerange. That is, the second time T₂ may set the latest possible time forthe range of acceptable times, possibly with a small tolerance, e.g.,depending on the clock accuracy of the A-GNSS server. The earliest timepossible time for the accurate time range may be the second time T₂ lessa predetermined interval. In various embodiments, the predeterminedinterval may be determined, for example, adding one or more of a clockaccuracy tolerance, a network transmission time, a measurementacquisition time and a measurement caching allowance, as discussedabove. Similarly, in alternative embodiments, time at which themeasurement information is sent by the GNSS receiver may be used as theonly basis for the accurate time range.

FIG. 5 is a functional block diagram illustrating SMLC 110 that executesan algorithm and/or process for calculating the position of a mobiledevice using recovered time, according to a representative embodiment.Although the SMLC 110 is shown and discussed below, it is understoodthat other servers, computers or nodes in the wireless communicationsnetwork 100 of FIG. 1 may be configured in a similar manner as the SMLC110, at least with respect to processing and storage functionality.

The various “parts” shown in the SMLC 110 may be physically implementedusing a software-controlled controller or microprocessor, e.g.,processor 521, hard-wired logic circuits, firmware, or a combinationthereof. Also, while the parts are functionally segregated in the SMLC110 for explanation purposes, they may be combined variously in anyphysical implementation.

In the depicted embodiment, the SMLC 110 includes processor 521, memory522, bus 529 and various interfaces 525-526. The processor 521 isconfigured to execute one or more logical or mathematical algorithms,including the time accuracy, time recovery and position calculationprocesses of the embodiments described herein, in conjunction with thememory 522, as well as basic functionality for executing and/orcontrolling geographic location determination processes for locatingmobile devices. The processor 521 may be constructed of any combinationof hardware, firmware or software architectures, and include its ownmemory (e.g., nonvolatile memory) for storing executablesoftware/firmware executable code that allows it to perform the variousfunctions. Alternatively, the executable code may be stored indesignated memory locations within memory 522, discussed below. In anembodiment, the processor 521 may be a central processing unit (CPU),for example, and may execute an operating system, such as Windows®operating systems available from Microsoft Corporation or Unix operatingsystems (e.g., Solaris™ available from Sun Microsystems, Inc.), and thelike. The operating system may control execution of other programs ofthe SMLC 110.

The memory 522 may be any number, type and combination of external andinternal nonvolatile read only memory (ROM) 523 and volatile randomaccess memory (RAM) 524, and stores various types of information, suchas signals and/or computer programs and software algorithms executableby the processor 521 (and/or other components), e.g., to perform timeaccuracy determinations, time recovery processes and positioncalculations, according to representative embodiments described herein,as well as other basic functionality of geographic locationdetermination of mobile devices. As generally indicated by ROM 523 andRAM 524, the memory 522 may include any number, type and combination oftangible computer readable storage media, such as a disk drive, anelectrically programmable read-only memory (EPROM), an electricallyerasable and programmable read only memory (EEPROM), a CD, a DVD, auniversal serial bus (USB) drive, and the like.

In addition, the SMLC 110 includes one or more communication interfaces,indicated by representative communications interface 526, to enablecommunications with one or more components of the wirelesscommunications network 100. For example, the communications interface526 enables communications with mobile devices or other GNNC receivers,such as mobile device 101, through base stations, such as base stations124 and 125. The communications include sending requests for positioningmeasurement information and receiving the positioning measurementinformation in response. In addition, the communications interface 526also enables communicates with various sources, such as the client 145,through the GMLC 142, the switch 141 and the BSC 120. The communicationsmay be provided to the processor 521 and/or the memory 522 via bus 529,e.g., via bus 529. In various embodiments, the communication interface526 includes one or more types of interfaces, such as a wired orwireless Ethernet, ATM, or MTP, for example. However, the number, typesand arrangement of interfaces may vary without departing from the scopeof the present teachings.

A user and/or other computers may interact with the SMLC 110 usingvarious input device(s) through I/O interface 525. The input devices mayinclude a keyboard, key pad, a track ball, a mouse, a touch pad ortouch-sensitive display, and the like. Also, various information may bedisplayed on a display (not shown) through a display interface (notshown), which may include any type of graphical user interface (GUI).

In various embodiments, the process steps depicted FIGS. 2 and 3 may beincorporated within one or more processing modules of a device, such asthe SMLC 110 depicted in FIGS. 1 and 5. However, the modules may beexecutable by any other A-GNSS server, computer or node having access tothe BSC 120, or by the BSC 120 itself, without departing from the scopeof the present teachings. The modules may be implemented as anycombination of software, hard-wired logic circuits and/or firmwareconfigured to perform the designated operations. Software modules, inparticular, may include source code written in any of a variety ofcomputing languages, such as C++, C# or Java, and are stored on tangiblecomputer readable storage media, such the computer readable storagemedia discussed above with respect to memory 522, for example.

The identity and functionality of the modules may vary, withoutdeparting from the scope of the present teachings. For example,referring to FIG. 2, blocks S210-S230 may be incorporated within acommunication module, blocks S240-S250 may be incorporated within afaulty measured time T_(M) determination module, blocks S260-S275 may beincorporated within a time recovery module, and block S280 may beincorporated within a positioning determination module. Of course, thenumber and/or identities of the modules, as well as the combinations ofsteps included in each, may vary without departing from the scope of thepresent teachings.

While specific embodiments are disclosed herein, many variations arepossible, which remain within the concept and scope of the invention.Such variations would become clear after inspection of thespecification, drawings and claims herein. The invention therefore isnot to be restricted except within the scope of the appended claims.

1. A method implemented by an assisted Global Navigation SatelliteSystem (GNSS) server for determining a position of a GNSS receiver, themethod comprising: sending a request for measurement information to theGNSS receiver at a first time; receiving the measurement informationfrom the GNSS receiver in response to the request at a second time, themeasurement information including position measurement data and acorresponding measured time based on a plurality of satellite signalsreceived by the GNSS receiver; determining that the measured time iserroneous when the measured time is outside an accurate time rangedetermined based on at least one of the first time and the second time;and identifying a substitute time and determining the position of theGNSS receiver based on the substitute time when the measured time isdetermined to be erroneous.
 2. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising: determining the position of the GNSS receiver based on themeasured time when the measured time is not determined to be erroneous.3. The method of claim 1, wherein determining that the measured time iserroneous comprises determining that the measured time is later than thesecond time by a predetermined amount.
 4. The method of claim 3, whereinthe predetermined amount is determined based on an estimate of a clockerror at the GNSS server.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein determiningthat the measured time is erroneous comprises determining that the timeis earlier than the first time by a predetermined amount.
 6. The methodof claim 5, wherein the predetermined amount is determined based on anestimate of a clock error at the GNSS receiver.
 7. The method of claim1, wherein determining that the measured time is erroneous comprisesdetermining that the time is earlier than the second time by apredetermined amount.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein thepredetermined amount is an approximate time required for the GNSSreceiver to collect and send the measurement information.
 9. The methodof claim 8, wherein the approximate time is determined based on timetaken for a message to be sent to the GNSS receiver and a response to bereceived.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the position ofthe GNSS receiver using the substitute time comprises: performing timerecovery to obtain a recovered time using the substitute time; andcalculating the position of the GNSS receiver using the recovered time.11. The method of claim 10, wherein performing time recovery comprises:performing an iterative time recovery method.
 12. The method of claim10, wherein performing time recovery comprises: performing an integratedtime recovery method.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the substitutetime is the second time less a predetermined time approximating timerequired for the GNSS receiver to collect and send the measurementinformation.
 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the substitute time isthe second time less a time that is determined based on the time takenfor a message to be sent to the GNSS receiver and the response to bereceived.
 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the request for measurementinformation includes assistance data for assisting the GNSS receiver inlocating at least one GNSS satellite of the GNSS satellites providingthe plurality of satellite signals.
 16. A computer readable mediumstoring code executable by a computer processor for determining aposition of a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver, thecomputer readable medium comprising: a communication code segment forsending a request for measurement information to the GNSS receiver at afirst time and for receiving the measurement information from the GNSSreceiver at a second time, the measurement information includingposition measurement data and a corresponding measured time based on aplurality of satellite signals received by the GNSS receiver; a timeerror determining code segment for determining whether the measured timeis erroneous, wherein the time error determining code segment determinesthat the measured time is erroneous when the measured time of thereceived measurement information is outside an accurate time rangedetermined based on at least one of the first time and the second time;and a time recovery code segment for determining a recovered time usingthe measured time when the time error determining code segmentdetermines that the measured time is not erroneous and using asubstitute time when the time error determining code segment determinesthat the measured time is erroneous.
 17. The computer readable medium ofclaim 16, further comprising: a positioning determination code segmentfor calculating the position of the GNSS receiver using the recoveredtime.
 18. The computer readable medium of claim 17, wherein thesubstitute time is the second time.
 19. The computer readable medium ofclaim 17, wherein the substitute time is the second time less apredetermined time value approximating time required for the GNSSreceiver to collect and send the measurement information.
 20. A device,comprising: a communication interface configured to enable sending arequest for measurement information to a Global Navigation SatelliteSystem (GNSS) receiver at a first time and to enable receiving themeasurement information from the GNSS receiver at a second time, themeasurement information including position measurement data and acorresponding measured time based on a plurality of satellite signalsreceived by the GNSS receiver; and a processor configured to controloperations of the communication interface and to execute an algorithmcomprising: determining whether the measured time received through thecommunication interface is erroneous, wherein the measured time iserroneous when the measured time of the received measurement informationis earlier than a lower limit of an accurate time range or later than anupper limit of the accurate time range; determining a recovered timeusing the measured time when the measured time is not erroneous andusing a substitute time when the measured time is erroneous; andcalculating a geographic location of the GNSS receiver using therecovered time.